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I organize my research program around questions that help us navigate the age of data and AI. On the one hand, data analytics, high-performance computing, and AI are opening new paths to scientific discovery. Data from increasingly diverse sources and in new forms are also expanding what we can observe, model, and test. On the other hand, the growing role of data, algorithms, and AI in our lives calls for a scientific understanding of how they reshape knowledge work, economies, and institutions, and what makes these systems effective and trustworthy. My research addresses these challenges by studying how people, information, and algorithms interact in large-scale sociotechnical systems.
Projects
Information, Inference, and Intervention Design for Sustainable and Resilient Sociotechnical SystemsMy research examines how behaviors, beliefs, information, and disruptions propagate through social and sociotechnical systems, and how their structures and rules shape collective outcomes. This work ranges from understanding how social contagion, network formation, and online reputation shape business and economic outcomes in online markets, crowdsourcing platforms, and the sharing economy, to examining how network interactions affect knowledge sharing and aggregation, population health, and the resilience of production networks and public institutions. A central question across these settings is how people and institutions can learn and act effectively when these systems are only partially observable, strategically shaped, and constrained by privacy, security, and information-governance concerns. I approach this challenge through four complementary angles: how differences in what each actor knows shape individual decisions and collective outcomes (information asymmetries); how large systems can be understood from dispersed and partial observations (distributed inference); how they can be influenced through localized and resource-constrained interventions (decentralized interventions); and which structures let them absorb shocks and sustain their capacities over time, from containing cascading failures to preserving human expertise and the growth of shared knowledge (resilience and sustainability). Two foundational processes are central to this work: contagion, through which behaviors, information, and failures spread across connections [1.1–1.11], and learning, through which individuals, firms, and other actors combine their own information with signals they receive from others [1.12–1.22]. I discuss these learning questions in more detail in the Group Decision Making, Social Learning, Distributed Inference, and Collective Intelligence section below. Methodologically, I combine probabilistic analysis of network dynamics with the design and analysis of algorithms for learning and intervention. I use percolation theory and asymptotic analysis to characterize how network structure shapes contagion [1.1] and resilience to supply disruptions [1.9]. My algorithmic work develops performance guarantees and characterizes the limits of learning and intervention, examining how data availability, computational demands, and privacy constraints shape what can be achieved [1.3, 1.6, 1.7, 1.15, 1.16, 1.19]. I use game theory and dynamical systems to study when individual incentives undermine collective performance, and how information and institutional design can shift equilibria toward more desirable outcomes [1.10, 1.17, 1.23]. To connect these models to data, I use simulation-based inference when likelihoods are intractable [1.14], and develop metamodels and sequential sampling methods to study how systems evolve and respond to interventions when population-scale simulations are costly [1.24–1.27]. For network data, I use topological and statistical methods to construct and estimate measures of connectivity and diffusion, including under privacy constraints [1.2, 1.8, 1.28, 1.29]. My work on privacy and public health (described below) builds on these questions in two connected directions: designing interventions that improve population health, and enabling useful inference and decision making while protecting individual privacy. The effects of public health policy depend on spillovers between connected populations and on how norms and beliefs spread [1.8, 1.12, 1.13, 1.23, 1.28]. Evaluating these interventions also requires estimating how their benefits vary across communities under limited simulation budgets [1.24, 1.25, 1.27, 1.30]. Privacy becomes a sociotechnical design question when the networked data that make inference and targeting possible also put people at risk [1.6, 1.7, 1.15]. The design of these protections can itself reshape learning dynamics and strategic equilibria, sometimes improving collective outcomes [1.17, 1.18].
Contagion and learning now unfold in systems where AI shapes what people see, learn, and decide, and where AI agents increasingly act alongside people. The foundational questions above resurface in these systems as well. I am particularly interested in how AI reshapes the knowledge economy, including collective learning and coordination across knowledge communities, online platforms, and markets. This includes how people and AI agents create and verify knowledge, how human expertise develops through these interactions, and how attention, knowledge work, and resources are allocated under uncertainty and competing incentives. These questions also motivate my interest in identifying systemic vulnerabilities that arise from these interactions and improving the rules governing information exchange and coordination. The aim is to sustain trustworthy knowledge and collective learning in systems that protect privacy and enable inclusive participation, while retaining the capacity to adapt and recover from disruptions. See here for a list of the relevant publications. Privacy of Interconnected Learning Systems and OperationsThe data most useful for learning, coordination, and intervention are often the most sensitive, distributed across parties, strategically withheld, or only partially observable. This work asks how organizations and platforms can still estimate, decide, and intervene well under those constraints. It treats privacy as a design principle rather than only a constraint on data use, and in some settings as a design instrument that improves how a system operates. In [2.1], we argue for building this kind of protection into networked healthcare by design, across the data lifecycle from collection to inference to decisions, so that lawful, trustworthy data sharing becomes the default rather than a barrier to overcome. The annotated reading list Yuxin Liu and I wrote [2.2] offers an entry point to where privacy meets incentives, data acquisition, and operational decisions; it followed a tutorial we organized with Marios Papachristou and Juba Ziani.
My third Ph.D. student, Yuxin Liu, built his dissertation, Privacy-Preserving Information Design for Learning, Strategic Interaction, and Networked Platforms, on the sequential-learning, information-sharing, private-seeding, and connectedness-index results described above, treating privacy as a design dimension that shapes how information is collected, shared, and analyzed across learning, strategic, and networked settings. Sensitive data must often be shared and analyzed to advance health and social science and to support better policy, while the same data can create risks to privacy, dignity, self-determination, and protection against bias and discrimination. The direction I am most focused on is designing protection around the way people are connected and systems operate, through contagion, social ties, social learning, or shared genetics, rather than treating privacy as a cost imposed from outside. Designed this way, protection can shield sensitive dependencies while preserving the quantities required for inference and operational decisions; for example, improving association tests on network and individual-level data by attenuating spurious dependence, or keeping assignment and matching decisions near-optimal while sensitive attributes stay protected. See here for a list of the relevant publications. Public Health Dynamics, Operations and PolicyMy research in public policy and population health builds on the work on social contagion and network diffusion described above. My entry into public health came through the COVID-19 pandemic, where I became interested in how policy effectiveness depends not just on where a policy applies but on how its effects travel through social networks, via spillovers between connected populations, behavioral responses, and the diffusion of beliefs. The work since then has developed along two complementary lines: measuring how health risks and protective policies propagate through socio-spatial networks, and building computationally tractable methods for evaluating interventions when the underlying simulations are expensive.
My first Ph.D. student, Kushagra Tiwari, developed the socio-spatial mortality studies in his dissertation, Socio–Spatial Network Dynamics of Public Health Crises in the US, which measures network-mediated exposure through county-to-county social ties, separately from geographic proximity, for both mortality risks and protective policies. My second Ph.D. student, Abdulrahman Ahmed, developed the simulation-based evaluation methods in his dissertation, Computationally Efficient Simulation-Based Policy Evaluation for Epidemic Interventions: Metamodeling, Sequential Design, and Localized Effect Estimation, toward a vision of precision public health: policy evaluation that is local, computationally tractable, and designed for heterogeneous populations. The unifying goal across these works is to make computational public health more adaptive and actionable: to transform heterogeneous, networked, and partially observed health data into models that can guide timely, equitable, and locally tailored policy and operational decisions. This includes optimizing screening and surveillance policies and operations, using health economics and value of information analysis to guide data collection and resource allocation. I am particularly interested in applying these methods to adolescent substance use and the co-epidemics of suicide and substance use. See here for a list of the relevant publications. Group Decision Making, Social Learning, Distributed Inference, and Collective IntelligenceIn my Ph.D. dissertation, I studied the purely informational interactions of individuals in a group, where they receive private information and act based on that information while repeatedly observing each other's beliefs or actions. Such situations arise, for example, in jury deliberations, expert committees, and medical diagnoses. I developed parallel theories of group decision making following Bayesian and non-Bayesian approaches. In the Bayesian setup, I characterized computational barriers and investigated special structures in which computations simplify. In the non-Bayesian framework, I proposed the no-recall model to reconcile existing heuristics for belief formation and decision making in groups. An overview of these foundations appears in [4.1]. The following are some highlights from my research on group decision making and social learning:
Two central issues in organizing knowledge work and supporting collective decision making are information aggregation and decision-flow architecture. My formal theories of group decision making provide structural insights into both issues and can be operationalized to avoid redundancy and increase the efficiency of group decisions among heuristic decision-makers. For example, carefully scheduled exchanges can aggregate dispersed information without repeatedly counting the same evidence. Bayesian decision-makers avoid counting the same evidence twice, but at a computational cost: to update rationally, each member must infer which private signals are consistent with the beliefs or actions she observes, and in general networks this inference is NP-hard [4.2]. Decision-flow architecture can keep this inference tractable: when an organization grows horizontally, so that each member is influenced, directly or indirectly, by a bounded number of others, optimal decisions can be computed in polynomial time. In transparent structures, such as trees, each member can combine the new information in her neighbors' beliefs to reach the belief she would hold if she saw the private signals behind them; a shared source that reaches her through more than one neighbor can break this transparency. Related design questions arise when teams of AI agents reconcile parallel solution attempts through tree-like hierarchies. The next two directions examine these issues when agents learn sequentially from others' actions or repeatedly exchange estimates and beliefs with their neighbors.
The privacy mechanisms and applications of these two directions are discussed above. Whether social information improves collective performance depends on the task and on how communication is structured. We examine these factors in the following:
Algorithmic, computational, and optimality aspects of decision-making in organizations are vastly unexplored. There are many untapped potentials for applying these techniques to improve the operations of teams in medical, legal and other industrial decision-making organizations. By investigating the effects of heuristics and biases, we can improve the practice of social and organizational policies, such that new designs can accommodate commonly observed biases, and work well in spite of them. My ongoing work extends this agenda to human–AI collaboration in knowledge work and to collective decision making among AI agents, examining how task-dependent complementarities and communication shape decision quality and the development of human expertise. See here for a list of the relevant publications. Control, Analysis, and Design of Networked Dynamical Systems
Failure detection and isolation in directed networks [5.1]. Networked dynamical systems build upon complex interactions between many co-evolving sub-components. Their industrial applications are plentiful and diverse ranging from chemical and biological processes to robotics and the power grid. My results touch upon many aspects of the analysis and design for such complex systems, including distributed detection, estimation, reliable design, and decentralized control. I have been particularly interested in the following questions:
Tools from control theory, optimization, signal processing, statistics, graph theory, combinatorics, and discrete algorithms have enabled us to propose effective solutions to each of these problems. Some highlights from our results on the analysis and design of networked dynamical systems are as follows:
Today cars and mobile phones rely on large arrays of sensors and actuators for their operations. Robotic networks are employed to manage massive inventories efficiently, at a low cost. The analytical tools that are developed in the study of complex network systems will pave the way for the Internet of Things, Cyber-Physical Systems, and other disruptive technologies of future.
Semicircle spectrum of a random network [5.9]. Some of my more recent works in this area are focused on developing tools that pioneer applications of random matrix theory in the modeling and analysis of large-scale networks and dynamic systems. Such tools have great potential for addressing questions whose depth and analytical complexity have impeded researchers so far. They are also very versatile and expressive when it comes to modeling and explaining structural features of very large-scale systems such as robotic swarms or the extremely high dimensional data sets that arise in the study of the Internet and online social networks. Some of my main results so far are:
The theoretical insights from random matrix theory are complementary to what we learn from the theory of random graphs or systems and control theory. Random matrix theory offers new ways of thinking about the design and analysis of massive scale systems. See here for a list of the relevant publications. Design, Analysis, and Tuning of Feedback Controllers
Centroid tuning with a phase margin (PM) constraint [6.3]. Fractional order control builds on a natural generalization of the integral and derivative feedback actions based on fractional order differential operators. We have successfully applied several of our techniques in the design and stabilization of fractional order controllers. Here are some of the highlights from our results on the design and tuning of feedback controller:
Although I no longer follow this line of work, the study of feedback control early in my research career has influenced my understanding of large-scale complex systems. Ubiquitous adoption of proportional and integral actions for feedback control can be traced back to the industrial revolution. Improved tuning is essential as we encounter new challenging control applications in complex industrial processes. Fractional order controllers offer additional degrees of freedom in tuning, while preserving the essential structure of the PID feedback which is so popular in industrial applications. See here for a list of the relevant publications. |